Bid-ask spread(Bid卖 Ask买)影响因素:Dealer:interbank market价差、transaction size、dealer和
Bid-ask spread(Bid卖 Ask买)
套利机会
套利利润
以一单位currency A来计算
盯市价值Forward contract:
long base currency:
V_T = \frac{(FP_{t}-FP_0)(contract\,\,price)}{1+r({\frac{days}{360})}} ,其中r = interest rate of price currency
short base currency: V_T = \frac{(FP_0-FP_t)(contract\,\,price)}{1+r({\frac{days}{360})}}
利率平价公式
\frac{F_{f/d}}{S_{f/d}} = \frac{1+r_{f}(\frac{days}{360})}{1+r_{d}(\frac{days}{360})}, \%\Delta S_{f/d}\approx\frac{days}{360}(r_f-r_d)
若 r_{f}-r_{d}>0 ,则domestic currency升值(foreign利率高,贬值。前提无套利定价)。
若有套利:若
\frac{F}{S}(1+r_{y})>(1+r_{x}) ,Arbitrage = \frac{F}{S}(1+r_{y})-(1+r_{x}) ;若
\frac{F}{S}(1+r_{y})<(1+r_{x}) ,Arbitrage = \frac{S}{F}(1+r_{x})-(1+r_{y})
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP):物价水平与汇率的关系
S_{x/y}=\frac{CPI_{x}}{CPI_{y}} ,实际上不成立
\%\Delta S_{x/y}=\frac{S_{t}-S_{0}}{S_{0}} \approx I_{x}-I_{y} ,一般不成立,短期尤其不成立。
International Fisher Relation:利率差值约等于通胀差值
从低息国(funding currency)借钱投资高息国:若 r_f>r_d ,return = r_f-r_d-\%\Delta S_{f/d}
Y=TK^{\alpha}L^{(1-\alpha)} ,等式两边同除L:
\frac{Y}{L}=T(\frac{K}{L})^{\alpha} ,即labor productivity(Output per worker)。K为capital deepening,T为technology。
\frac{\Delta Y}{Y}=\frac{\Delta T}{T}+\alpha\frac{\Delta K}{K}+(1-\alpha)\frac{\Delta L}{L} ;人均:
Y=yL\Rightarrow\frac{\Delta Y}{Y}=\frac{\Delta y}{y}+\frac{\Delta L}{L}
Classic
Neoclassical
g^{*}=\frac{\Delta y}{y}=\frac{\theta}{(1-\alpha)} ,其中y=output per worker,k=capital per worker,
\theta =growth rate in technology
G^{*}=\frac{\theta}{(1-\alpha)}
Endogeneous Growth Theory
最多设置5个标签!
Bid-ask spread(Bid卖 Ask买)
- 影响因素:Dealer:interbank market价差、transaction size、dealer和client之间的关系;Interbank:货币交易活跃程度、time of day(有时差)、market volatility
- price currency/base currency:将base看成一种商品,price是报价(计价货币)
- Bid是dealer的买价,ask是dealer的卖价(都是对于base currency)
- Cross-rate:bid x bid、ask x ask 或 bid / ask、ask / bid
三角套利套利机会
套利利润
以一单位currency A来计算
Mark-to-Market Value盯市价值Forward contract:
long base currency:
V_T = \frac{(FP_{t}-FP_0)(contract\,\,price)}{1+r({\frac{days}{360})}} ,其中r = interest rate of price currency
short base currency: V_T = \frac{(FP_0-FP_t)(contract\,\,price)}{1+r({\frac{days}{360})}}
International parity relationships利率平价公式
\frac{F_{f/d}}{S_{f/d}} = \frac{1+r_{f}(\frac{days}{360})}{1+r_{d}(\frac{days}{360})}, \%\Delta S_{f/d}\approx\frac{days}{360}(r_f-r_d)
若 r_{f}-r_{d}>0 ,则domestic currency升值(foreign利率高,贬值。前提无套利定价)。
若有套利:若
\frac{F}{S}(1+r_{y})>(1+r_{x}) ,Arbitrage = \frac{F}{S}(1+r_{y})-(1+r_{x}) ;若
\frac{F}{S}(1+r_{y})<(1+r_{x}) ,Arbitrage = \frac{S}{F}(1+r_{x})-(1+r_{y})
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP):物价水平与汇率的关系
S_{x/y}=\frac{CPI_{x}}{CPI_{y}} ,实际上不成立
\%\Delta S_{x/y}=\frac{S_{t}-S_{0}}{S_{0}} \approx I_{x}-I_{y} ,一般不成立,短期尤其不成立。
International Fisher Relation:利率差值约等于通胀差值
FX carry trade (Uncovered不成立时可用)从低息国(funding currency)借钱投资高息国:若 r_f>r_d ,return = r_f-r_d-\%\Delta S_{f/d}
Production FunctionY=TK^{\alpha}L^{(1-\alpha)} ,等式两边同除L:
\frac{Y}{L}=T(\frac{K}{L})^{\alpha} ,即labor productivity(Output per worker)。K为capital deepening,T为technology。
\frac{\Delta Y}{Y}=\frac{\Delta T}{T}+\alpha\frac{\Delta K}{K}+(1-\alpha)\frac{\Delta L}{L} ;人均:
Y=yL\Rightarrow\frac{\Delta Y}{Y}=\frac{\Delta y}{y}+\frac{\Delta L}{L}
Economic Growth TheoryClassic
Neoclassical
g^{*}=\frac{\Delta y}{y}=\frac{\theta}{(1-\alpha)} ,其中y=output per worker,k=capital per worker,
\theta =growth rate in technology
G^{*}=\frac{\theta}{(1-\alpha)}
Endogeneous Growth Theory
Regulation Independencies